{ "name": "European Digital Nomad Visa Thresholds", "description": "Income requirements, fees, stay rules and tax notes for 17 European digital-nomad visa programmes, verified against primary sources.", "publisher": "Wanderlust Visa", "url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/data/", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Data: Wanderlust Visa (https://wanderlustvisa.com)", "last_verified": "July 2026", "countries": [ { "name": "Albania", "iso2": "AL", "slug": "albania", "region": "Non-EU", "income_eur_month": 817, "income_basis": "No single official figure is published; the commonly applied benchmark is ≈ €800–820/month (~€9,800/year), assessed case by case with evidence you can support yourself. Some consulates reference lower minimum-wage-linked figures plus savings.", "family_text": "Spouse and dependents can be included; expect the assessed income requirement to rise accordingly.", "savings_alt": "A savings cushion (several thousand euros) materially strengthens the case-by-case assessment.", "stay": "Unique Permit for 1 year, renewable up to five consecutive times — after which long-term residence becomes realistic.", "fee": "Modest and reciprocity-based (varies by nationality); typically well under €100.", "tax": "Outside Schengen and the EU. Under 183 days you're generally taxed only on Albanian-source income (which, on this permit, you shouldn't have). Longer stays create Albanian tax residency — check treaty coverage.", "processing": "Roughly 2–6 weeks across the online visa + permit stages.", "quirk": "The mandatory local bank account is the odd hoop — and for Schengen-day management, Albanian days cost you nothing, making it the classic reset base.", "official_name": "Republic of Albania — e-Albania / e-Visa portal", "official_url": "https://e-albania.al", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/albania/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Montenegro", "iso2": "ME", "slug": "montenegro", "region": "Non-EU", "income_eur_month": 1400, "income_basis": "≈ €1,400 per month (around €16,800/year) in stable foreign income — one of Europe's lowest thresholds.", "family_text": "Family members can apply to join with additional means demonstrated.", "savings_alt": "Bank statements evidencing steady foreign income are the core proof; savings help borderline files.", "stay": "Residence permit for digital nomads: up to 2 years initially, renewable for 2 more — up to 4 years total, unusually long for Europe.", "fee": "Modest administrative fees (tens of euros); apply in-country or via a consulate.", "tax": "Outside the EU and Schengen. Announced tax reliefs for nomads have been slow to finalize; today, plan around standard rules — under 183 days generally non-resident, beyond that Montenegrin residency with low flat rates (9–15%).", "processing": "Commonly 1–2 months.", "quirk": "Like Albania, Montenegrin days don't touch your Schengen 90/180 budget — and the 4-year runway is the longest single nomad track in Europe.", "official_name": "Government of Montenegro — Ministry of Interior", "official_url": "https://www.gov.me", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/montenegro/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Italy", "iso2": "IT", "slug": "italy", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 2333, "income_basis": "≈ €28,000 per year (about €2,333/month). Italy sets the bar at roughly three times the minimum threshold for healthcare-fee exemption; published figures vary between ~€25,000 and €32,000 depending on the consulate — confirm with yours before applying.", "family_text": "Family reunification is possible, with additional means required per dependent. Italian consulates assess this case by case — no single published uplift.", "savings_alt": "Some consulates additionally ask for evidence of accommodation and savings; requirements vary by consulate.", "stay": "1 year, renewable annually if you still meet the conditions. Time on the permit counts toward the 5-year mark for EU long-term residence.", "fee": "€116 visa fee, plus ~€100–130 in residence-permit costs (permesso di soggiorno kit, stamp duty) once in Italy.", "tax": "Standard Italian rates once tax-resident. Some relocating workers qualify for the impatriati regime (50% income exemption, conditions apply since the 2024 reform) — eligibility for remote workers is case-specific, so get advice.", "processing": "Commonly 1–3 months at the consulate, then a post-arrival permit application within 8 days of entering Italy.", "quirk": "Italy launched this visa in April 2024 and consulates still interpret the rules unevenly — the consulate's own checklist beats any blog, including this one.", "official_name": "Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "official_url": "https://vistoperitalia.esteri.it", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/italy/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Czechia", "iso2": "CZ", "slug": "czechia", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 2450, "income_basis": "≈ CZK 60,530 gross per month (≈ €2,450), tied to 1.5× the Czech average gross salary — the koruna figure updates as the average moves.", "family_text": "Spouses and children can be included in the programme with additional means; they apply alongside you through the same fast-track.", "savings_alt": "Income is assessed via contracts and statements; freelancers additionally need a Czech trade licence (živnostenské oprávnění).", "stay": "Long-term visa/residence for up to 1 year via the government's Digital Nomad Programme fast-track, with in-country extension routes if you keep qualifying.", "fee": "≈ €100 visa fee plus trade-licence costs for freelancers.", "tax": "183+ days generally makes you Czech tax-resident (15%/23% progressive). Freelancers on a Czech trade licence can often use the favourable lump-sum expense regime — get advice.", "processing": "The programme's promise is speed: applications are fast-tracked, commonly ~45 days.", "quirk": "Uniquely nationality-gated and profession-gated: the wrong passport or a non-IT/STEM profile disqualifies you regardless of income — the opposite philosophy to most nomad visas.", "official_name": "Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade — Digital Nomad Programme", "official_url": "https://www.mpo.gov.cz", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/czechia/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Bulgaria", "iso2": "BG", "slug": "bulgaria", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 2583, "income_basis": "€31,000 per year (≈ €2,583/month), defined as 50× the Bulgarian monthly minimum wage (€620 in 2026). The threshold rises whenever the minimum wage does, and income is checked for the previous calendar year.", "family_text": "Family reunification follows Bulgaria's general residence rules with additional means per dependent — the nomad scheme itself doesn't publish a formula.", "savings_alt": "Income for the preceding calendar year is the test (bank statements, payslips, or tax returns); savings support a file but don't replace the threshold.", "stay": "Type D visa first, then a 1-year residence permit, renewable for one more year. After the two years you must switch to another residence basis (own company, local employment, EU Blue Card) or leave.", "fee": "≈ €100 for the Type D visa plus ≈ BGN 510 (~€260) at the permit stage, excluding card issuance.", "tax": "Stay under 183 days in any 12-month window and you generally remain non-resident. From 183 days you become Bulgarian tax-resident — and worldwide income is taxed at a flat 10%, one of the lowest rates in the EU.", "processing": "4–8 weeks for the Type D visa; the full two-stage process to residence card commonly exceeds three months.", "quirk": "Working for Bulgarian clients or employers is categorically prohibited — and note Bulgaria joined both the euro and Schengen before launching this visa, so the permit comes with full Schengen mobility.", "official_name": "Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Migration Directorate", "official_url": "https://www.mfa.bg", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/bulgaria/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Spain", "iso2": "ES", "slug": "spain", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 2850, "income_basis": "200% of Spain's minimum interprofessional salary (SMI) — approximately €2,850/month in 2026. The figure moves whenever the SMI is updated.", "family_text": "Roughly +€1,070/month for a spouse/partner (75% of SMI) and +€355/month per child (25% of SMI). Figures shift with the SMI.", "savings_alt": "A bank balance covering the equivalent amounts is generally accepted in place of monthly income.", "stay": "1-year visa if you apply from abroad, or a 3-year residence permit if you apply while legally in Spain. Renewable up to 5 years total, then eligible for permanent residency.", "fee": "≈ €80 for the visa; additional fees for the residence card (TIE). Costs vary slightly by consulate.", "tax": "Eligible employees can opt into Spain's special expat regime (the 'Beckham law' framework extended by the Startup Act): a 24% flat rate on Spanish-taxable employment income up to €600,000 for up to 6 years. Freelancers generally can't use it — get advice.", "processing": "Consulate route: typically 2–4 weeks for the visa. In-Spain applications via UGE: around 20 working days by law, longer in practice.", "quirk": "The 20%-Spanish-clients cap for freelancers and the employer social-security requirement are enforced — plan these before you apply, not after.", "official_name": "Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs / UGE", "official_url": "https://www.exteriores.gob.es", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/spain/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Hungary", "iso2": "HU", "slug": "hungary", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3000, "income_basis": "€3,000 net per month, evidenced over the previous 6 months of bank statements plus a contract that explicitly permits remote work.", "family_text": "The White Card has no family reunification: each adult must qualify and apply separately, and children can't be attached to it — the scheme's biggest limitation.", "savings_alt": "The 6-month income record is the test; savings don't substitute.", "stay": "1 year, extendable once for a second year. After two years you must leave and re-apply fresh; White Card years don't count toward permanent residency.", "fee": "≈ €110 via the Enter Hungary online system (higher at consulates).", "tax": "Under 183 days/year you're exempt from Hungarian income tax (income still declared); from 183 days you're tax-resident at Hungary's flat 15%.", "processing": "Budget 2–3+ months end to end including biometrics.", "quirk": "No family route at all — a spouse needs their own White Card with their own €3,000/month. Couples where only one partner earns remotely should look at Croatia or Spain instead.", "official_name": "National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (OIF) / Enter Hungary", "official_url": "https://enterhungary.gov.hu", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/hungary/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Slovenia", "iso2": "SI", "slug": "slovenia", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3200, "income_basis": "€3,200 net per month — twice the Slovenian average net salary. The benchmark is recalculated as salaries move, so expect annual drift upward.", "family_text": "Spouse and children can join with their own residence permits, provided you show sufficient additional income for the household; no fixed published uplift.", "savings_alt": "Recent bank statements (3–6 months) evidencing the monthly income are the core proof; savings strengthen but don't replace it.", "stay": "12 months, and deliberately not extendable — you must leave and wait 6 months before applying again.", "fee": "≈ €50 when applying inside Slovenia (plus small card charges); ≈ €102 via a consulate abroad.", "tax": "Not automatically tax-resident. Cross 183 days and Slovenian progressive rates (16–50%) apply to worldwide income.", "processing": "Typically 30–60 days.", "quirk": "The 6-month cooling-off makes Slovenia a rotation base, not a settlement path — pair it with a non-Schengen stop (Albania, Montenegro) and rotate.", "official_name": "Government of Slovenia — Infotujci / administrative units", "official_url": "https://infotujci.si", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/slovenia/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Latvia", "iso2": "LV", "slug": "latvia", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3400, "income_basis": "2.5× the Latvian average gross monthly salary. Published 2026 figures range from about €3,400 to €4,200 depending on the reference year used — treat €3,400 as the floor and verify the current figure with OCMA before applying.", "family_text": "Family members can apply for accompanying residence with additional means shown; no single published uplift.", "savings_alt": "Six months of employment/self-employment history at the threshold is the test, evidenced via foreign tax-authority or employer documents.", "stay": "1 year (Type D long-stay visa), renewable for a second year — 2 years maximum on this route.", "fee": "€90 state fee; decisions are unusually fast (typically ~15 days).", "tax": "183+ days (or a declared Latvian residence) makes you tax-resident under progressive rates (25.5%/33%). A 15% flat rate for nomad-visa holders has been proposed but not enacted — don't plan around it yet.", "processing": "Normally about 15 days after submission; up to 60 if the consulate asks for more.", "quirk": "The OECD-employer requirement is unique in Europe: a remote job with, say, a UAE- or Serbia-registered company disqualifies you even on triple the income.", "official_name": "Latvian Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (OCMA/PMLP)", "official_url": "https://www.pmlp.gov.lv", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/latvia/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Greece", "iso2": "GR", "slug": "greece", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3500, "income_basis": "€3,500 net per month, fixed in the law that created the visa (Law 4825/2021). Unlike wage-indexed countries, this figure has stayed put.", "family_text": "+20% for a spouse and +15% per child, i.e. a couple needs €4,200/month and a family of four €5,250/month.", "savings_alt": "Consulates may accept equivalent bank savings; practice varies.", "stay": "1-year national visa first; once in Greece you can convert to a 2-year residence permit, renewable in 2-year increments while conditions hold.", "fee": "€75 visa fee; the residence-permit stage adds its own fees (budget ~€150–1,000 depending on route and card costs).", "tax": "Non-resident nomads staying under 183 days generally owe no Greek tax on foreign income. Become tax-resident and normal rates apply — Greece's 50% incoming-worker tax break targets people taking up Greek employment, so most nomads can't use it.", "processing": "Officially 10 days for the visa decision once your file is complete — one of the fastest in Europe on paper; consulate appointment lead times vary.", "quirk": "The €3,500 figure is net, not gross — budget accordingly when you convert from your salary.", "official_name": "Greek Ministry of Migration and Asylum", "official_url": "https://migration.gov.gr", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/greece/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Malta", "iso2": "MT", "slug": "malta", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3500, "income_basis": "€42,000 gross per year (≈ €3,500/month), the threshold in force since April 2024.", "family_text": "Family members can be included; each adds financial-means requirements assessed by Residency Malta.", "savings_alt": "Income is the primary test; savings support borderline files but don't replace the threshold.", "stay": "Nomad Residence Permit for 1 year, renewable up to a maximum of 4 years total — subject to still meeting the criteria and minimum-presence expectations.", "fee": "€300 application fee per person plus card-issuance costs.", "tax": "A special 10% flat income-tax rate applies to permit holders' authorised remote-work income (double-tax relief available). Standard Maltese rules kick in outside the scheme's scope.", "processing": "Around 2 months is typical once your file is complete.", "quirk": "Everything official happens in English — the lowest-friction paperwork experience on this list.", "official_name": "Residency Malta Agency", "official_url": "https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/malta/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Cyprus", "iso2": "CY", "slug": "cyprus", "region": "EU · Schengen pending", "income_eur_month": 3500, "income_basis": "€3,500 net per month after tax and contributions.", "family_text": "+20% for a spouse and +15% per child on top of the base amount.", "savings_alt": "Income from abroad is the test; bank statements for the preceding months are the standard proof.", "stay": "1 year initially, renewable for up to 2 further years. Family members receive matching residence rights but may not work in Cyprus.", "fee": "≈ €70 application + €70 registration.", "tax": "Under 183 days you generally stay non-resident. Cyprus also has a 60-day tax-residency option and a well-known non-dom regime (no tax on dividends and interest for non-doms) — attractive if you deliberately become resident; get advice.", "processing": "5–7 weeks is the commonly quoted range.", "quirk": "The quota is the gotcha: when the cap is reached, applications pause regardless of how qualified you are.", "official_name": "Cyprus Civil Registry and Migration Department", "official_url": "https://www.moi.gov.cy", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/cyprus/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Croatia", "iso2": "HR", "slug": "croatia", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3622.5, "income_basis": "2.5× the Croatian average net salary — the figure auto-updates each spring (raised from €3,295 in early 2026, per Narodne novine 3/26). Many older articles still quote €2,540–3,295; those figures are out of date.", "family_text": "+10% of the base amount per accompanying family member. Spouse, children, and (with 3+ years of cohabitation) unmarried partners can join via family reunification.", "savings_alt": "Instead of monthly income you can show savings: roughly €43,470 for a 12-month stay (about €65,200 for the full 18 months).", "stay": "Up to 18 months total (initial permit plus one extension), then you must leave — the permit can't be renewed from inside Croatia, and there's a waiting period before you can reapply.", "fee": "≈ €90 all-in when applying online (€46.45 application + €31.85 residence card + admin charges). Higher via an embassy.", "tax": "The headline perk: income earned remotely for foreign employers/clients is exempt from Croatian income tax for digital-nomad permit holders.", "processing": "Officially 2–4 weeks in straightforward cases; in practice budget 1–3 months depending on location and paperwork.", "quirk": "You cannot work for Croatian companies or serve Croatian clients on this permit — foreign income only.", "official_name": "Croatian Ministry of the Interior (MUP)", "official_url": "https://mup.gov.hr", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/croatia/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Portugal", "iso2": "PT", "slug": "portugal", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 3680, "income_basis": "4× the Portuguese national minimum wage. With the 2026 minimum wage at €920/month, that's €3,680/month; the figure rises every January when the wage is updated.", "family_text": "Family members can be included (spouse, dependent children), each adding to the means you must show. Consulates commonly work from social-support-index multiples per dependent.", "savings_alt": "Expect to also show savings — a common guideline is 12× the minimum wage (≈ €11,000) in a bank account, more with dependents.", "stay": "The D8 visa itself is a 4-month, double-entry visa. In Portugal you convert it into a 2-year residence permit, renewable for a further 3 years — with a path to permanent residency after 5 years.", "fee": "≈ €90 for the visa plus ≈ €170 for the residence permit stage.", "tax": "Standard progressive rates once tax-resident. The old NHR scheme is closed; its narrower successor (IFICI, 20% flat for listed professions) may apply to some — check eligibility before assuming any break.", "processing": "Officially 60 days for the visa; in practice 2–4 months including the appointment backlog, then the AIMA appointment for the residence card.", "quirk": "There are two nomad-adjacent routes: the D8 (remote work) and the D7 (passive income). If your income is salary/freelance from abroad, the D8 is the one you want.", "official_name": "Portuguese visa portal (MNE) / AIMA", "official_url": "https://vistos.mne.gov.pt", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/portugal/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Estonia", "iso2": "EE", "slug": "estonia", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 4500, "income_basis": "€4,500 gross per month, evidenced over the six months before you apply — the highest bar on this list.", "family_text": "No formal family scheme within the DNV itself; family members generally need their own basis of stay.", "savings_alt": "The test is income over the prior 6 months; savings alone don't substitute.", "stay": "Up to 1 year (long-stay D-visa). There's also a short C-visa version for up to 90 days. The DNV is not a residence permit and doesn't lead to permanent residency.", "fee": "€80 (C-visa) / €100 (D-visa).", "tax": "Staying 183+ days in a 12-month window generally makes you Estonian tax-resident with flat 22% income tax (2026); shorter stays usually leave your tax position at home.", "processing": "Around 15–30 days at the embassy.", "quirk": "e-Residency is not a visa: it lets you run an Estonian company online but grants zero right to live in Estonia. The DNV is the physical-presence document.", "official_name": "Estonian Police and Border Guard Board", "official_url": "https://www.politsei.ee", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/estonia/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Romania", "iso2": "RO", "slug": "romania", "region": "EU · Schengen", "income_eur_month": 5500, "income_basis": "3× the Romanian average gross monthly salary, proven for each of the previous 6 months. With the average around RON 9,270 in 2026, that's ≈ RON 27,800 ≈ €5,500/month. Many guides still quote €3,700 — that number comes from pre-2024 salary data and is badly stale.", "family_text": "Family reunification is possible once you hold the residence permit, with additional means per dependent under general immigration rules.", "savings_alt": "The 6-month income record is mandatory; savings don't replace it.", "stay": "12-month long-stay visa (D/AD) converting to a residence permit, renewable while you qualify. Romania has been a full Schengen member since January 2025.", "fee": "≈ €120 visa fee plus ~RON 259 + €120-equivalent at the permit stage.", "tax": "Under 183 days in 12 months, foreign-source income is exempt from Romanian income tax and social contributions (Law 69/2023). Become resident and the flat 10% rate applies — plus potentially hefty social contributions; structure with an advisor.", "processing": "Visa decisions commonly 10–45 days depending on consulate.", "quirk": "The threshold tripled in practice as Romanian wages surged — outdated guides quoting €3,300–3,700 are the single most common reason applications fail.", "official_name": "Romanian General Inspectorate for Immigration / eViza", "official_url": "https://evisa.mae.ro", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/romania/", "last_verified": "July 2026" }, { "name": "Iceland", "iso2": "IS", "slug": "iceland", "region": "Schengen (non-EU)", "income_eur_month": 6900, "income_basis": "ISK 1,000,000 per month (≈ €6,900) for an individual — the highest threshold in Europe. Bringing a spouse/partner raises the combined requirement (≈ ISK 1,300,000).", "family_text": "Spouse/partner and children can accompany you; the income requirement rises to roughly ISK 1,300,000/month combined for a couple.", "savings_alt": "Salary confirmation/contract evidence at the threshold is required; savings don't substitute.", "stay": "Long-term remote-work visa for up to 180 days — a stay, not a residence path. You can't get another within 12 months of leaving.", "fee": "≈ ISK 12,200 (~€80).", "tax": "Stays under the visa's 183-day ceiling generally avoid Icelandic tax residency — one reason the visa is capped where it is.", "processing": "Typically a few weeks.", "quirk": "It's the only major European scheme that is deliberately temporary: six months max, no renewals, no residence — priced and capped so you never become tax-resident.", "official_name": "Icelandic Directorate of Immigration (Útlendingastofnun)", "official_url": "https://island.is", "page_url": "https://wanderlustvisa.com/digital-nomad-visa/iceland/", "last_verified": "July 2026" } ], "changelog": [ { "date": "2026-07", "country": "Dataset", "change": "First public release: 17 countries verified against primary and current secondary sources." }, { "date": "2026-07", "country": "Romania", "change": "Effective threshold ≈ RON 27,800 ≈ €5,500/mo (3× average gross salary after wage growth); widely circulated €3,300–3,700 figures are stale." }, { "date": "2026 (spring)", "country": "Croatia", "change": "Income requirement raised €3,295 → €3,622.50/mo (2.5× average net salary, NN 3/26)." }, { "date": "2026-01", "country": "Portugal", "change": "Threshold rose to €3,680/mo as the minimum wage moved to €920." }, { "date": "2025-12", "country": "Bulgaria", "change": "Digital nomad visa launched (20 Dec 2025): €31,000/yr, 1+1 years, 10% flat tax if resident." }, { "date": "2025-11", "country": "Slovenia", "change": "Digital nomad visa launched (21 Nov 2025): €3,200/mo net, 12 months, 6-month cooling-off." } ] }